Category Archives: Corporate Commercial

What is a Natural Monopoly in Mongolian Competition Law?



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In our previous post, we looked at the legal regulation of business entity in “Dominant Position” from a competition law perspective. In today’s post we will review background and legal regulation of business entity in a “Natural Monopoly.”

The legal entity in natural monopoly defined as legitimate monopoly entrepreneurs exists when a single entity alone accounts for the total supply of particular goods to the market at the lowest minimum social cost.

A business entity in natural monopoly shall be determined in accordance with the methodology set forth in the Procedures for Identifying Business Entity in Natural Monopoly and Dominant position. If an entrepreneur is identified as natural monopoly, the Authority of Fair Competition and Consumer Protection issues a decision confirming that the business entity is a legitimate monopoly.

The Authority for Fair Competition and Consumer Protection shall regulate the activities of of naturally monopolistic business entities as follows:

  • Regulating/monitoring changes in the amount and size of products supplied to the market in connection with its capacity;
  • upon considering the actual costs, controlling and granting a permission to change of the selling price of particular products;

A business entity in natural monopoly is obliged to submit its annual financial statement, market research, survey, proposal and other required documents to the Authority of Fair Competition and Consumer Protection the within first quarter of each year.

According to such report, research and proposal comparing with sources, such as news, information, reports, research and analysis conclusions issued by the Customs Authority, Tax Authorities, the Central Statistical Office and other government agencies, the business entity shall be decided to exclude from the “Registration of a legitimate monopoly entrepreneurs”.

It is strictly prohibited to conduct the dominant activities for the business entity in natural monopoly by using their monopolies illegally, restricting the number, quantity, and price of goods sold in the market in order to block other entrepreneurs from entering into the market, restricting the fair competition and blocking consumers’ rights and interest.

What is a Dominant Position in Mongolia Competition Law



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We have already posted a brief introduction about the Competition Law of Mongolia earlier. This time, we would like to address this blog on issues related to the legal regulation of business entities in dominant position.

The legal regulation of the business entities in dominant position is currently governed by the Competition Law, the Procedure for Determining Legal Monopolies and Dominant Entrepreneurs, and the Procedure for Reorganizing a Dominant Legal Entity by Acquiring and Merging with Other Legal Entities and Concluding the Purchase of a Competitor’s Shares.

A business entity in dominant position is an entrepreneur who solo or in association with other persons in a particular product market accounts for one-third or more of the production, sales, or purchases of the product in that market. In addition, the business entity accounts for less than one-third of the production, sales or purchases of the product in the market, but the ability to block other entrepreneurs from entering the market or to push them out of the market, could be considered as business entity in dominant position based on its range of products, market geographical boundaries and market concentration.

The dominance of any business entity shall be determined in accordance with the procedure set forth in the Regulation for the Determination of Natural Monopolies and Dominant Entrepreneurs. If a dominant entity is identified in accordance with such regulation, the Authority of Fair Competition and Consumer Protection issue a decision confirming the dominant entity and register it in the list with “Dominant Enterpreneur Registration”.

The dominant business entity shall be ogliged to submit its audited financial statements of the previous year, market research, proposals and other necessary documents to the Authority of Fair Competition and Consumer Protection within the first quarter of each year.

Based on sources, such as the information, reports, research and analysis conclusions issued by the Customs authority, Tax authorities, the Central Statistical Office and other government organizations, plus the report, research and proposal submitted by the legal entity, Authority of Fair Competition and Consumer Protection shall make a decision excluding the business entity from the list with“Dominant Entrepreneur Registration”.

It is strictly forbidden that the business entity in dominant position use their dominance illegally in the market by restricting the number, quantity and price of goods sold in the market in order to block other entrepreneurs from entering the market, restricting competition and sabotaging consumers.

Special Shareholder Meeting in Mongolia



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In our previous post, we looked at basics of a Regular Shareholder Meeting. Today, we will take a closer look at requirements for holding a Special Shareholder Meeting.   

A Special Shareholder Meeting may be convened only in the following situations:

  • If more than 50 percent of the Board of Directors unable to work or resigned;
  • If two (2) or more independent members of the Board of Directors, or shareholders with 10 or higher percent of voting rights has issued a proposal or demand;
  • If the loss incurred by the company exceeds 30 percent of the owner’s equity at the time of the last financial report;
  • If the company debt has exceeded the owner’s equity for two (2) years in a row, and is a negative figure;
  • the Board of Directors has issued a decision;
  • the audit committee demanded to convene a special session of the shareholders meeting;
  • all other cases specified in the company charter.

Under the Company Law, (61.1.2) it states to convene the a special shareholders meeting if two (2) or more independent members of the Board of Directors, or shareholders with 10 or higher percent of voting rights (further to call “ meeting initiator ”) has issued a proposal or demand, and it closely regulates the procedure of the proposal and its resolution. This is one of the significant differences and regulations between regular and a special shareholder’s meetings.

The Company Law directs that when the above describer 2 or more independent members if the Board of Directors and shareholders with 10 or higher percent of voting rights demand to convene the a special shareholders meeting they must issue the written proposal to the Board of Directors or Executive management reflecting i) meeting initiator’s full name ii) the number of voting shares iii) reason for convening the meeting iv) agenda v) draft resolution.

The Board of Directors (in its absence, the executive body) could decide whether or not to call such a special shareholder meeting within ten (10) business days following the date that they receive the demand. The Board of Directors may decide one of the following two alternatives:

1) Resolve to convene the a special shareholders meeting according to the meeting initiator’s demand. In this case, the meeting should be convened within 45 days of receipt of a valid proposal for a meeting. The company must  bear the cost associated with the shareholders’ meeting.

2) If the voting rights of the shareholders demanding the calling of the special meeting do not reach ten percent (10%) of the company`s aggregate voting rights; or none of the issues proposed for the agenda of the special shareholders meeting are within the authority of such meeting the Board of Directors or the executive management shall refuse to the proposal and the decision shall be immediately notified to the Board of Directors member or shareholder proposed the meeting.

If the meeting initiator disagrees with the refusal, they could appeal to the court.

If within 10 days the Board of Directors (in its absence, the executive body) fails to make a decision, the demanding shareholders or an independent member of the Board of Directors may call to convene the a special shareholders meeting independently. In such a case company may bear costs associated or refuse to bear the cost.

Conclusion and Key Differences of Regular Shareholders Meeting and A Special Shareholders Meeting

The key difference between the regular and a special shareholders meeting is the regular meeting shall be convened at least 40 days after the decision was made, and the a special shareholders meeting shall be convened within 45 days after the decision was made.

With regard to the legal consequences, if the regular meeting was not convened within the April (4 months), the Board of Directors authority ruminates in entirety, except the right to convene the shareholders meeting. In case, it failed to convene the a special shareholders meeting, the meeting initiator is entitled to convene the meeting, and if the meeting initiator disagrees with the refusal from the convening the meeting, the meeting initiator may appeal to the court.

In connection with mandatory agenda, the regular meeting must be discussed and approved the Board of Directors conclusion on the operational report and the financial statement of the company. However, the a special shareholders meeting does not have a mandatory agenda item, and it may discuss any issue related to the authority of the shareholders meeting.

Basics of Shareholder Meetings



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When operating a Mongolian company, it is important to understand the key between two types of Shareholder Meeting. The most common type of Shareholder Meeting is a “Regular Shareholder Meeting, and is required to be held each year to take care of standard operational business of the company.

The second type is a “Special Shareholder Meeting” which is not mandatory each year, but is called only upon special need to address unique or urgent situations.

Here, we will take a closer look at what you need to know about Regular Shareholder’s Meetings for Mongolian companies. In future blog posts, we will take a deeper dive into the specifics of Special Shareholder Meetings.

When should a regular shareholders meeting be convened

Provision 59.4 of the Company Law states “The regular shareholders meeting shall be called by the Board of Directors (in the absence of executive body) and held within four (4) months following the end of each fiscal year of a company.”

A fiscal year is a period the organizations estimate their financial statements and do tax settlements. Countries consider a fiscal year as a period of twelve months, but it does not necessarily overlap with the calendar year. Therefore, the financial year varies between countries. As per Mongolia, the fiscal year commences from January 1st of the year and ends by December 31 of the same year.  Therefore, within 4 months following the end of the fiscal year, it obliges the regular shareholder meeting to be convened within April of the year.

The Regular shareholders meeting convened within April of every year by the Board Of Director’s /Executive management, in the absence of Board of Directors/ resolution.

The meeting shall be held at least 40 days after the issuance of the Board of Directors or Executive management decision to convene the shareholders’ meeting. If the company charter defined the meeting to take place in 45 or 50 days, the same shall adhere. In case the company charter does not specify a certain period, it shall adhere 40 days, regulated by law.

In connection with legal requirements, the authorized person is the Board of Directors, and if the Board of Directors absent the executive management is obliged to convene the shareholders meeting, in terms of timeline, it’s obliged to conduct the shareholders meeting within April of every year.

What is the consequence of not convening the shareholders meeting

 In case the shareholder’s meeting was not convened within April, the Board of Directors authority expires in entirety, except the right to convene the shareholder’s meeting. From the date, the Board of Directors authority expires the Board of Directors is incapable of issuing any decision and if it issued any decision the contracts and deals it executed shall be invalidated.

Who shall resolve to convene a shareholders meeting

Board of Directors

Executive management (in the absence of Board of Directors)

Mandatory agenda for a shareholders meeting

The mandatory agenda for the shareholder meeting is to review and approve the Board of Directors conclusion on the operational report and the financial statement of the company. The company should responsible the costs associated with the shareholder’s meeting pursuant to the Company law.

RESALE PRICE CONTROL UNDER THE LAW



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Recently, one of our client had been seeking our advice on Mongolian competition law, particularly on the resale price maintenance issue. As the client’s expectation is that Mongolia may have a similar restriction against resale price control/management as same as other jurisdictions like in US, South Korea and Hong Kong. Meanwhile providing legal analysis to our client’s inquiry, we have decided to provide the post in concern with background of the law on competition of Mongolia.        

        In Mongolia, Law on Prohibiting Unfair Competition was initially enacted in 1993, then it was amended in 2000, after ten years this law was renewed as the Law on Competition which is recent effective legislation in Mongolia. The current effective competition law is consisted of five chapters and 27 Articles.

        The purpose of the Competition law shall be to regulate relations regarding creation of conditions for fair competition in the market for entities conducting business activities, identification and implementation of legal and organizational basis for prohibition, restriction and prevention of any activities dominating in market and impeding competition.

In Mongolia, there are various restrictions apply for the business entities depending on their scope of supplying the particular goods in the market pursuant to the Law on Competition.

        In concern with the resale price maintenance issue, the business entity in natural monopoly and dominant position is strictly prohibited to determine the price and territory of resale of the particular products.  

        In addition, it is also prohibited to demand from customers additional conditions for sale, to sell products at differentiated prices and to refuse to sale products without any legal ground. This shall not apply to price change of products which included transportation actual cost depended on regional location and bonuses given by manufacturers or suppliers to whole and retail sellers.

If the business entity in legitimate monopoly and dominant position conduct the above mentioned dominate activities prohibited by the Law on Competition, the state inspector shall compensate the damages caused by illegal activities and fine a four percent of the sales revenue of previous year.

Permissions and Decisions in Context of a Major Transaction



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We have reviewed the basics of a “Major Decision” under Mongolia law in our previous post. Permission to enter into a major transaction must first be obtained from the Board of Directors. If there is no Board of Directors, it shall be presented to the shareholders meeting and a decision shall be made.

Pursuant to the Company law “A resolution to conclude a major transaction must be adopted unanimously by the Board of Directors (in its absence, by a shareholders meeting).

What does it mean to make a decision unanimously?  For instance, lets imagine that “A” LLC has five members of board. Does this mean that all members of the board, or 5 members, will agree to a major transaction? or If 1 out of 5 members of the Board of Directors did not attend the meeting and the 4 members who attended the meeting agreed, is it considered that they make a unanimous decision?  The question is whether all board members, regardless of whether they are present at the board meeting, are willing to agree to a major transaction, or whether all members at the board meeting are in agreed to enter into the major transaction. 
In this case, according to the Company Law, the Board of Directors' meeting shall be valid if the majority of its members are present.  In addition, unless the company's charter specifically sets up a higher percentage, the board decision should be effective by an overwhelming majority of the members present at the board meeting. Therefore, as our Mongolian lawyers see it,  if the company's charter does not state that the decision of the board is valid by the vote of all members, then it is understood that a major transactions will be permitted by decision of all members present at the board meeting (assuming a quorum is met). In other words, all members present at the meeting agreed unanimously to enter into the major transaction.

Each member of the Board of Directors shall have one vote with respect to each matter considered at any meeting of the Board. The company’s charter may prohibit some board members from voting on major transactions. In this case, the decision shall be made by a majority vote of the Board members with the right to vote. Decisions of the Board of Directors must be adopted by an overwhelming majority of votes of members who participate in the meeting, unless a larger number of votes is specified in the company charter.

If the Board of Directors fail to unanimously adopt the resolution to conclude a major transaction, then the major transaction shall be discussed by a shareholders meeting where it must be approved by a majority votes of shareholders who attend the meeting.

Shareholders who voted against a resolution to conclude a major transaction have the right to demand the company that to redeem their shares.

 A company is obligated to inform the public about the major transactions and their price in their quarterly and annual reports.

What to Consider When Closing a Major Transaction?



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Mongolian Company Law has a specific definition of a “Major Transaction,” with specific issues to keep in mind to ensure compliance. A Major Transaction is any transaction with a market value exceeding (25%) of the total amount of assets of a company based on the most recent balance sheet of the company, or a transaction in which certificates with right to purchase common shares or securities convertible into common shares where the number of such common shares exceeds (25%) of the common shares issued before such transaction.

A Major Transaction typically connected to sale, purchase, disposition or pledge of a property or property rights. Care should be taken to define the market price of property and property rights (including the value of a company shares and securities). The price agreed to by a seller and buyer should be understood as market price of the property and property rights which is connected to the major transaction.       

The market value of property and property rights should be determined by the company`s Board of Directors (in its absence, the shareholders meeting), based on market principles. The conclusions of an independent evaluation organization or company may be used when determining the market price. This market price should be determined by a majority vote of the members of the Board of Directors without conflict of interest. A member of the Board of Directors is deemed that a free of conflict-of-interest who has no common interests with the participant, mediator, parties to the transaction, and will not receive any financial benefits directly or indirectly resulting from this transaction.

COVID-19 and Force Majeure



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The current quarantine measures hold by the Government of Mongolia have become increasingly difficult for the legal entities and individuals conducting business operation in Mongolia due to the Coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19), which is being declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization.

This recent quarantine creates the risk/problem that business entities will not able to timely fulfill their contractual obligations, such as loan payments, interest and rent payments etc.

In circumstances of force majeure and hardship, the situations which are unable to fulfill their contractual obligations are considered as respectful grounds. In this case, there will be issues that contractual parties have to deal with their obligations, responsibilities and risks to be distributed under the agreement.

Therefore, we provide our clients with legal service and support that seeks to overcome this difficult time with less harm and a release from contract liability in order to the respectful ground as force majeure. The evidence which allow to release the contractual obligation is the certificate proofing the force majeure.

The Mongolian National Chamber of Commerce and Industry (“MNCCI”) has entited to certify force majeure and hardship condition in accordance with the Article 6.6 of the Law on the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Mongolia.

Therefore, in the event of unforeseen circumstances occurring between parties during the performance and fulfillment of the contract regardless of the  control or willing of the parties, the MNCCI provides a certificate proofing the force majeure and a hardship.

The business entity shall submit the following documents for the MNCCI for the certificate:

  • request letter
  • a notarized copy of the contract (in Mongolian)
  • a notarized copy of state registration certificate / incorporation certificate of business entity
  • other documents proving the force major and hardship situation

If you would like us to assess the rights and liabilities of your personal situation, please contact us to arrange a consultation with one of our experts.

Bankruptcy and Court Appointed Trustees



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A Mongolian Court shall appoint a trustee to oversee operations of a company within 5 days after a request for trusteeship from the claimants in a bankruptcy proceeding.

The trustee can be either an individual or a legal entity. The trustee can be the person with higher education in law, finance and economics who does not have financial and economic personal interests in the respondent’s activities, or the legal entity has the rights and responsibilities to provide professional consulting services in the field of law, finance and economics. According to the relevant legislation, it is prohibited to being appointed the respondent’s and claimant’s management, their members, related persons or their family members shall be as a trustee.

The trustee has the following rights and responsibilities in concerning with the bankruptcy case:

  • take under custody the assets of the respondent according to the court order;
  • safeguard the respondent’s assets and relevant documents, conduct counting;
  • if required, conduct a documentary audit of the respondent’s activities, organize such work;
  • announce and convene a meeting of claimants;
  • review contracts and transactions conducted prior to the start of a bankruptcy case, submit to the meeting of claimants’ proposals on whether to terminate, amend, or consider invalid the contracts and transactions specified in the relevant legislation;
  • open a special account and deposit the respondent’s cash;
  • conduct contracts and transactions with others on behalf of the respondent within the scope of the rights granted by the claimants’ meeting;
  • obtain from the respondent relevant data and documents;
  • submit to appropriate parties his/her assessment of the respondent;
  • evaluate the respondent’s assets;
  • hire an assistant within the limits of compensation determined by the claimants;
  • sell the respondent’s assets according to the procedures set forth in the relevant legislation;
  • other rights and responsibilities set forth in law.

The trustee shall make an assessment of the respondent’s activities within 20 days since the his/her approval by the court and submit the court, respondents and claimants the assessment, including financial and economic calculations of the respondent, conclusions; reasons and specific features of the respondent’s insolvency; the management’s activities; claimants’ groups and amount of each claim; and proposals on whether to recapitalize the respondent, or to liquidate upon consideration as insolvent; other data and documents deemed necessary.

In addition, the trustee has the significant rights and obligations in concerning with the respondent’s recapitalization, the allocation of its assets and liquidation process of the respondent.

The trustee will be personally liable for the damages caused the respondent due to illegal activities such as fraud and negligence, and the parties to the bankruptcy case have the right to assert a complaint to the court regarding the activities of the trustee and the court may change the trustee.

Getting an Apostille in Mongolia



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Often when official documents from Mongolia are to be used abroad, the intended recipient requires these documents to go through an authentication process known as an Apostille.

Apostilles authenticate the seals and signatures of officials on public documents such as birth certificates, court orders, or any other document issued by a public authority so that they can be recognized in foreign countries that are members of the Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalization for Foreign Public Documents in 1961 which is known as Hague Convention Treaty or Hague Apostille Convention.

Mongolia has been a member of the Hague Apostille Convention since joined on December 31, 2008. It helps that the documents apostilled in Mongolia will be valid in 117 Member States of the Apostille Convention without requiring any re-certification or notarization in the receiving country. However, the apostille certificate originated by Mongolia is not recognized in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany and Greece, and vice versa.

The document will often be certified by the foreign ministry of the Mongolia in which the document originated and an embassy or consulate. This apostille only certifies the signature, the capacity of the signer and the seal or stamp it bears. It does not certify the content of the document for which it was issued.

As for apostille, It requires that a copy of original document which originated from Mongolia shall be notarized and translated by a certified translation bureau in the language used in the receiving country. That translation of the document is also required to be notarized in Mongolia for the submission.

The following documents shall be eligible to apostille in Mongolia:

•           ID, passport, birth certificate and marriage certificate;

•           Reference letter by police and state registration office;

•           All types of education certificates or diploma;

•           Decision by the court and prosecuter; and

•           Administrative documents issued by government agencies of Mongolia.

In general, the apostille certificate is issued within 3 business days from the submission date of the documents.

If you need help to obtain your documents, please contact our firm and let us know how we can help.