Resolving Collective Labour Disputes



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The revised Labour Law introduces major changes in the procedures and mechanisms for resolution of various types of labour disputes. In the case of a collective labour disputes, the new law requires the parties to first negotiate toward an agreement and make every effort to resolve the dispute by amicable way.

If no agreement can be reached, the dispute shall be settled with the support of a Labour Mediator. If parties cannot reach the decision on appointment of a Labour Mediator, the General Authority for Labour is able to appoint a Labour Mediator.

If a labor dispute cannot be resolved with the participation of the Labour Mediator, the disputing party is able to apply to the Tripartite Labour and Social Partnership Committee to resolve the dispute through formal Labour Arbitration. The relevant Tripartite Labour and Social Partnership Committee shall establish a Labour Arbitration panel consisting of three arbitrators to consider the dispute. The decision of the Labour Arbitration shall be final with no opportunity to appeal. The disputing party shall not appeal to the court unless there is cause for concern that the Labour Arbitration procedure has been violated.

Disputing parties in collective action employment disputes are required to participate in the Labour Mediation and Labour Arbitration procedures described in the law, and are specifically not permitted to engage in coordinated industrial actions such as labor strikes and lock-outs.

Labor Disputes



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This week, we will introduce new regulations regarding the the settlement of labor disputes in Mongolia under the new Labor Law of Mongolia.

The previous Labor Law classified labor disputes as either individual or collective disputes, and the centralization of the power to resolve labor disputes in the courts was time consuming and limited in the ability of parties to reach an agreement, which was a problem for both the employee and the employer.

Therefore, in order to solve the above-mentioned difficulties, the new Mongolian Labor Law classifies labor disputes as either “Labor Interest” or “Labor Rights” disputes and establishes a mechanism for settlement of such disputes before the litigation stage.

In the law, “Labor Rights Dispute” means a dispute between the parties related to the implementation or interpretation of labor legislation, all types of collective agreements, collective bargaining agreements, employment contracts and internal labor norms, while a “Labor Interest Dispute” means a dispute concerning with establishing the collective bargaining, and all types of collective agreements, collective bargaining agreements, and amendments to employment contracts.

Labor Rights Disputes are to be resolved by the newly established Labor Rights Dispute Resolution Commission (“Commission”) which is established in all types of business entity and organization  and Tripartite labor dispute resolution committee in the local soum or district (“Committee”), or the court. As for Labor Interests Disputes, the law provides for a procedure for resolving disputes of interest by consensus, at the next stage through labor mediators and labor arbitration, and as a last resort, organizing strikes.

Under the new law, the implementation of a pre-trial conciliation and pre-trial settlement mechanism will enable employees and employers to resolve disputes quickly and reduce the current workload of the courts.

Restriction on Forced Labor



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On July 2, 2021, the Parliament of Mongolia approved a new Labor law. The law will come into force on January 1, 2022. Therefore, we are preparing to introduce the regulation of forced labor which is one of new and specific regulations of the law.

In Mongolia, the forced labor is prohibited. The new law introduces the term of forced labor. The law set forth that “Forced labor is that the performance of work or service against the will of a person through intimidation, the use of force or the threat of use of force, with the imposition of fines and penalties.”

However, the law states that the following works and services do not apply to the forced labor. These include:

  • working for basic education;
  • performing the military work and services by conscripts;
  • light landscaping and cleaning work for residents of the territory, cities, villages and settlements;
  • work and services to be performed under the direction and supervision of a government agency or official while performing community service or serving a sentence in accordance with a valid court decision. It shall be prohibited to employ or transfer a convict to any individual, business entity or organization;
  • work and services related to the defense of the country, the protection of human life and health, the prevention of disasters, catastrophes and accidents, and the immediate elimination of their consequences;

A person or legal entity that engages in forced labor, mediates or organizes forced labor is subject to a fine of MNT 5,400,000 to MNT 17 million or imprisonment for a term of 1 to 5 years in accordance with Criminal Code.

Employer Initiated Termination



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Employer mistakes or misunderstanding of the law is a common cause of disputes related to employment termination. A recent review of employment issues found that it is common for employers in Mongolia to make process errors when terminating an employment contract.

In particular, this type of dispute is common due to procedural errors in decision-making on the grounds of redundancies, reducing number of staff, and incompetence in terms of occupations/position, skills, and health.
In light of recent changes to the Labor Law of Mongolia we will review key provisions of the old Labor Law and compare with the new provisions of the 2021 Labor Law.

Under the 1999 Labor Law, an employer terminated an employment contract on one of the following grounds.

  1. liquidation of the employer` s business entity or organization, branch or unit thereof, abolition of the job or position within it, or reducing the number of employees;
  2. it has been determined that the employee fails to meet the requirements of the job or position due to the lack of professional qualifications or skill, or health reasons;
  3. an employee has attained 60 years of age and is eligible to receive a pension;
  4. repeated breach by the employee of the labor disciplinary rules or commission or a serious breach for which the employment agreement specifically provides termination of the labor relations;
  5. it has been determined that an employee who is responsible for assets or money has lost the trust of the employer due to an act or omission;
  6. an employee is elected or appointed to another salaried work;
  7. arising on the grounds set forth in the contract.

Under the 2021 Labor Law, most of these termination grounds remain in place, However # (6) and (7) are excluded. The new regulation provides grounds for termination of employment if an employee is found to have forged documents proving his / her education, profession and qualifications at the time of hiring.

Additionally, (2) profession, qualification level, and health are separated and given as two separate grounds.  In terms of profession and qualification level, the precondition was set in law to warn the employee on the grounds that he / she is found to be incompetent in terms of profession and qualification and to provide them possible time to improve their profession and qualification level and performance of work. A medical condition must determine by a decision of the hospital’s labor inspection commission.

(4) Labor disciplinary: For repeated disciplinary violations.

In practice, the most common legal grounds used by an employer to terminate an employment contract are (1) and (2). Common mistakes made by employers are not giving notice within the legal timeframe, not being signed and certified by the employee when issuing termination notice, issue dismissal/termination order without waiting for the notice period to expire, failure to allow to perform the employee’s duties without issuing termination order, and hand over timeframe not being included in the termination order.

An employee’s failure to qualify for a work in terms of profession, skills, or health is often mistaken for dismissal at the discretion of the director or head of the company and organization without a formal decision from the industry or organization’s qualification commission or attestation and medical labor verification commission.

In order to correct above mistakes, if employer follows the following steps when terminating an employee’s employment agreement pursuant to 1999 Labor law:


a) The termination of an employment contract shall be notified 30 days in advance, a 45-day notice shall be given in the event of a mass dismissal, and a 60-day notice shall be given if the contract is terminated.
b) Upon receipt of the notice, the employee shall sign a copy thereof. One copy is kept by the employee and the other by the employer
c) Provide the employee with the opportunity to perform his or her duties during the notice period.
d) Employer should pay a severance pay in an amount equal to employee’s average salary for 1 month or more if employee who has been dismissed on the grounds that employee acted for military service, a business entity or branch has been liquidated, position demolished, reducing number of employees, disqualified for work in terms of profession or health. In connection with severance pay there is no upper limit, but 1 month severance pay meets legal requirement. In the event of a mass dismissal, the amount of the severance pay shall be determined in consultation with the employee’s representatives.
e) Termination/dismissal order shall be issued. This order shall specify the legal grounds for termination and the deadline for hand over the work.
f) The employer must make a complete record in the social and health insurance book and provide the termination order, social and health insurance book, and severance pay on the last day of dismissal/termination.

The 2021 Labor Law has not made any significant changes to the termination process and will follow the above- mentioned process by labor law 1999. As for the change, it is not necessary to allow an employee during the period of termination notice and it is possible to dismiss him / her after payment including notice period. Massive dismissal lasts 90 days. Massive dismissal is determined that the number of employees in an organization with a certain number of employees is fired.


If the employee has been terminated on the grounds of the employer has transferred ownership, the business entity or organization has been liquidated, position demolished, reducing number of employees, disqualified for work in terms of profession and health, following a severance pay amount shall be paid. Severance pay has to be paid in equal amount of basic salary as follows.


a) If worked for 6-2 years, 1 month or more basic salary
b) If worked for 2-5 years, 2 months or more of basic salary
c) If worked for 5-10 years, equivalent to 3 months or more of basic salary
d) If worked for 10 or more years, 4 or more months basic salary

In the event of a mass dismissal, the employer shall negotiate with the employee’s representatives, but the amount of the severance pay shall not be less than that specified above.


The termination order shall be issued in writing prior to the handover and shall be presented to the employee and a copy of the decision shall be handed over. If the employee refuses to accept the decision, it shall be deemed that the decision has been sent by mail to his / her place of residence.


Upon the employee’s request, the employer is obliged to provide a reference within 5 days.

Avoid Risks in Foreign-Mongolian Cooperation Agreements



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Our Mongolian Lawyers regularly assist foreign investors in various forms of joint ventures and business cooperation with Mongolian partners. These partnerships are sometimes necessary to allow a foreign investor to participate where Mongolia law restrictions direct foreign ownership. For example, Mongolian law has certain restrictions on entities with foreign investment owning and using land. One client the firm has worked with, a European party engaged in property development entered into one such arrangement with a Mongolian partner for the development of land located in a special restricted zone of Ulaanbaatar.

The European side, and the Mongolian side entered into a “Cooperation Agreement” which described a cooperative business arrangement in which the European party contributed funding, while the Mongolian party contributed access to the land targeted for development. This type of cooperation, is common in Mongolia between foreign investors and Mongolian property owners, and has been upheld by Mongolian courts.

However, when entering into such an arrangement, a foreign investor should be aware of risks.  A few years into the partnership, relations broke down between the Mongolian party and the foreign investor resulting in extensive litigation over the validity of the Cooperation Agreement and ownership of the land.

Foreign participants in this kind of Cooperation Agreement should engage independent Mongolian legal counsel to review the agreement for compliance with Mongolian law, and to ensure the foreign party is protected. The agreement should be clear about the nature of the cooperation, and the contributions of each party. It is important specify that legal ownership of the land remains with the Mongolian party. To eliminate confusion, there are certain key phrases which should be avoided when describing the foreign investor’s relationship to the land. If the language of the Agreement is ambiguous the Mongolian side may latter attempt to challenge the validity of the Agreement alleging violation of Mongolian law.

Customs Processing and Temporary Warehousing



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Our Mongolian lawyers often work with foreign clients and local trading companies involved in import of product into Mongolia. Products entering Mongolia often require short term storage as the products are inspected by Customs. Importers are able to utilize temporary warehousing solutions for these goods for the duration the products are under Customs control yet not yet cleared.

Temporary Customs warehousing may be open for the public, or limited access. Goods are typically placed in temporary storage upon decision by Customs that the goods be stored pending the Customs inspection process. Goods seized by Customs or detained on suspicions of violations of import regulations are also stored in the temporary warehouse.

When goods are placed in temporary storage, a copy of the manifest and other documentation relating to the shipment is kept on file. In normal circumstances storage in temporary warehouses is permitted for a period of up to 2 months from the date of entry. Customs has the option to extent this period for an additional month. For perishable or hazardous goods, storage may be for 2 weeks, with a possible one week extension.

Storage of petroleum products is permitted in a limited access facility operated a licensed fuel importer. Third parties and those not having the necessary import license will not be permitted to store products in such facility.

A party with product in temporary storage may not transfer title to a third party until customs inspection and clearance is completed.

Seizure of Infringing Product by Mongolia Customs



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We have written previously about the legal mechanisms for registration of intellectual property rights in the Mongolia Customs database for preventing the intellectual property infringement in Mongolia. In this post we will go more in-depth regarding processes for seizure and detention of suspected counterfeit products by Customs at import or export, which has proven to be effective to fight against the infringement of intellectual property rights in the country.

In general, a holder of intellectual property rights is able to submit an application to Mongolia Customs authorities to take measures to prevent infringing & counterfeit goods from entering into Mongolia when there is evidence known or suspected illegal or counterfeit products are in transit through Customs. An application must contain information about the IP holder, the relevant intellectual property itself; and detailed information about the products requested to be seized.

Upon identifying target goods transiting Customs, authorities may require a cash deposit by the IP rights holder equal to the total value of the seized products (or MNT 1,500,000 if the total value is not possible to determine in advance). Alternatively, the IP rights holder may provide a bank guarantee to cover the deposit value.

This deposit serve as guarantee that the applicant will not cause any undue harm to the exporter or importer of the goods, and if any damage is caused due to false information, the deposit will be used to pay for damages.

The Customs authority will make a decision within 30 working days after receiving the application in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations. If the relevant customs authority decides to detain goods related to intellectual property rights pursuant to an application, it shall notify the Intellectual Property Office and the applicant.

Registering Your IP with Mongolia Customs



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Holders of Intellectual Property rights (IP) registered in Mongolia have the option to register these rights with Customs. This registration allows an IP holder an important tool to prevent import or export of counterfeit products into or out of Mongolia.

In order to be included in the customs database, an IP rights holder must submit a request to the General Customs Administration to include the holder’s IP rights in the Customs database. Such request shall contain the details of the goods related to the intellectual property rights, information of the holder, documents confirming the intellectual property rights, along with a list of goods to be registered and protected. There is no official fee for this registration.

The decision to register goods related to intellectual property rights in the Customs database is finalized by the head of the department in charge of control and risk of the Central Customs Administration. Information registered with the central database is shared with regional Customs offices around the country.

IP holders should take care to report to Customs and request updated registration with Customs when any important information regarding the IP rights is changed, including duration of protection, name of the rights holder, or others.

The Central Customs Administration may publish the list of goods registered in the Customs database and changes thereto in the official customs edition and some other information on the customs website with the permission of the rights holder.

Basics of Land Pledges



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Any individual or legal entity may pledge as collateral land they own or possess. If the land was transferred to an individual or a legal entity based on a valid legal agreement, the person receiving such rights has the ability to legally pledge those rights so long as the legal claim to the land rights remains valid. Registration of a pledge of land will require presentation of documentation including the cadastral, and a copy of the land ownership, possession, or utilization certificate along with the pledge agreement.

A bank or a person authorized to conduct credit activities may also receive a pledge to land based on rights granted by a loan agreement. Such rights may be registered by the bank or creditor as pledgee as with any pledge.

Land may be pledged separately from the buildings that are constructed on it, or even which are in the process of being constructed. A pledge agreement must stipulate the land and buildings may not be pledged separately, if this is the intention.

In case of disagreement between a pledgee collecting on pledged rights to land, and an owner of buildings on the land, parties should seek to reach a mutual agreement between themselves, or in extreme cases seek resolution at court.

New Intellectual Property Law



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Mongolia has enacted several laws in order to implementing the policies to protect and promote intellectual property, namely Law on Patent, Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Law on Trademarks and Geographical Indications, Law on Innovation and Law on Technology Transfer.

There has been criticism that these laws mainly regulated the protection of intellectual property by the state, but they did not establish a framework for protection of intellectual property in an economic context allowing for the full range of business profit. For instance, intellectual property is protected by patent and trademark pursuant to relevant laws, but the ability of the rights holder to benefit from the intellectual property, by pledging and selling intellectual property rights to legal entities, assigning them to a third party is harmed due to weak economic value.

Therefore, Law on Intellectual Property was newly approved on January 23, 2020, with the aim of increasing the economic value of intellectual property in Mongolia. This law will come into force on December 1, 2020.

The law is expected to clarify the legal rights and authorities of government agencies at various levels in connection with active intellectual property protection and enforcement, including expanding on the rights and duties of Intellectual Property inspectors in charge of investigating alleged infringement.  

At the same time, the law provides greater detail as to role and responsibility of intellectual property agents and brokers which assist IP owners in registering and protecting their IP in Mongolia.

The new law will also expand on the economic rights of Intellectual Property owners, including evaluation and assessment of IP rights, and the extent of state support for economic uses of IP.

Finally, the law aims to reform structure and function of the national Intellectual Property registry, as well as the dispute resolution system for IP related disputes.

With the entry into force of this law, it is expected that it will be easier to put intellectual property into economic circulation; and the intellectual property valuation and mediation will be more reliable; and the activities of the intellectual property organization will be more stable and normal.